Research
Emerging Sustainable
Technologies
2019 version of ENGIE's technology watch
© Gettyimages / Freepik
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
Join us in our journey to a zero-carbon energy transition. The transition remains challenging, but we are convinced, as ENGIE Research, that technological advances will be part of the solution. It is extremely hard to predict next technology breakthroughs but, in this document, we present topical areas that we think will offer non-trivial benefits and impacts on this transition. Therefore ENGIE is working on these topics and keeping a close eye on their trends.
Investment in the development of these new 'sustainable' technologies is required and collaboration between public organizations and private organizations required. Apart from the environment and economics, the support of the citizens is crucial. The social acceptance and consequent adoption of new technologies will (co-)determine whether a technology will breakthrough.
The energy transition will therefore be an 'AND' story along two axes: (i) we will need many emerging 'sustainable' technologies; there is not one that has the potential to overcome the challenge alone and
- the challenge is too large to overcome alone as a person/company/sector, we must collaborate. The document has little pretention apart from inspiring its readers and it is in the context of this spirit of collaboration that this document is written and published.
Dr. Jan Mertens, Chief Science Officer @ ENGIE, Visiting Professor @Ugent
Dr. Elodie Le Cadre, Lead Science Advisor @ENGIE
2
Objective of this document
Present emerging technologies that:
Impact Energy today
Very likely will impact Energy in future
May impact Energy directly or indirectly even though today they seem far away from current and future energy activities…
So where possible link is made with energy but not always straightforward
TODAY…
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
Energy today
Energy in | Emerging |
future | technologies |
3
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
MEYSSONNIER ANTOINE | © AdobeStock | © FOTOLIA |
© ENGIE / MIRO / |
Renewable | Environment | Sustainable |
is not always | is not CO2 | includes social |
sustainable | aspects |
Introduction | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Renewable energy
Sources that are naturally replenished on a human
timescale
© ENGIE / MIRO / MEYSSONNIER ANTOINE
Sustainable energy
Environmental
Sustainability
Social | Economical |
5
Introduction | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Environmental
Current status of the control variables for seven of the planetary boundaries
Sustainability
Social | Economical |
Source [1]
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Introduction | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Environmental
Sustainability
Social | Economical |
Scarcity as such may not be the largest challenge; however possible issue of new mines not opening fast enough…
Recycling and search for earth abundant alternatives is on-going
Main issues related to the sustainable mining: both from an environmental as well as social (ethical) aspect
Materials widely used in energy technologies
Source [2]
Source [4] | Source [3] |
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Introduction
Environmental
Sustainability
Social | Economical |
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
Negative effects on physical, cognitive, emotional, and social well-being
Pattie Maes
Fluid Interfaces
Group
8
Introduction
Environmental
Sustainability
Social | Economical |
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
© Freepik
Even | Safety |
more great | Security |
challenges: | Privacy |
Ethics |
- A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws. »
Isaac Asimov, 3 Laws of Robots(1942)
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Emerging Sustainable Technologies
Emerging Sustainable
Technologies
Electrochemical | |||
storage | Radiative cooling | Artificial Intelligence Quantum computing | CO2cycle |
© Adobe Stock
Biotech | 3D metal printing | Green mobility | Self-healing materials | |||
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Emerging Sustainable Technologies
Electrochemical storage: what is new in batteries?
Electrochemical storage: what is new in batteries? | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Drive not only towards cheaper but more sustainable and safer battery chemistries
Source [5]
Lead acid: mature technology | 2019 | Conventional Lithium ion: performances | ||
Main Advantages | Main Advantages | |||
• Cost (150-300 €/kWh) | • Energy density (200-350 Wh/L) | |||
• Recyclability | • Long cycle life (1000-10000 cycles) | |||
• Mature | • High roundtrip efficiency | |||
• Robust | ||||
Main Drawbacks | ||||
Main Drawbacks | ||||
Source [6] | • Safety (thermal runaway) | |||
• Danger (overheating, …) | • Cost | |||
• Low energy density (50-100 Wh/L) | • Sophisticated BMS required | |||
• Low cycle life (500-2000) | • Lifetime (less than 10 years) | |||
• Toxic components | • Temperature (irreversible thermal degradation | |||
when > 70°C) | ||||
Redox Flow batteries: more sustainable? | 2025-2035? | Solid state batteries: safer? | |||
+ | |||||
Main Advantages | Main Advantages | ||||
• Less sensitive to T°C | • Safe | ||||
• Energy and power scalable independently | Solid electrolyte | • Theoretical more energy dense | |||
• High cycle (20000) and calendar life | |||||
expectancy for Vanadium Redox Flow | - | Main Drawbacks | |||
• R&D for organic flow batteries | |||||
• Few commercial products not fully stabilized | |||||
Source [8] | • Need to heat the system | ||||
Main Drawbacks | |||||
Source [7] | • R&D stages | ||||
• Risk of leakage, Requires pumps, valves, | |||||
sensors maintenance | |||||
• Higher CAPEX | |||||
• Low energy density (10-50 Wh/kg) | |||||
12
Electrochemical storage: what is new in batteries? | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Environmental | Redox Flow Batteries (RFB): |
Sustainability | technology description |
SocialEconomical |
Redox Flow Battery System
Two electrolytes (external tanks), acting as liquid energy carriers, are pumped simultaneously through the two half-cells of the reaction cell separated by a membrane
The RFB technology combines electrochemistry and mechanics (fluid pumping, fluid distribution,…)
RFB operate by changing the metal ion valence
ADVANTAGES:
Less sensitive to T°C
Power and energy are independent and can be scaled separately:
- Add Power = increase electrode surface
- Add Energy = increase tank size
Long term energy storage solution (typical > 3 to 8h)
CHALLENGES
Capex Cost
Risk of leakage
Source [7]
13
Electrochemical storage: what is new in batteries?
Environmental | Solid State Batteries: | |
Sustainability | technology description | |
Social | Economical |
Similar to a Li-ion battery but with a polymer or ceramic (solid state) electrolyte instead of liquid electrolyte
ADVANTAGES:
Safer than Li-ion batteries. Internal short-circuits are avoided (Lithium dendrites growth is limited as electrolyte is solid)
Solid system allows various sizes and shapes for cells Theoretic potential of higher energy densities
CHALLENGES:
Low temperature operation can be a challenge
R&D development of electrolytes with sufficient ionic conductivity
High self-discharge (some sub-families)
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
Description of Solid State Batteries
Source [9]
14
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
Radiative cooling
Radiative cooling | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
What is Skycooling?
Trade our heat with the infinite cold space
Skycooling is based on radiative emission of heat energy, leading to a spontaneous cooling of any body. Reject heat from earth systems into space, using it as an infinite cold radiator or reservoir at -270°C. Through selected infrared radiations, it acts like a reversedgreen-houseeffect
© GAYA/ENGIE Lab
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Radiative cooling | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
How does it work?
Selectively emits energy through atmosphere
Thermal balance of cooling
Principle: nanocoatings can | ||||
limit incoming heat and | ||||
enhance outgoing radiation | Nanocoating principle | |||
Advanced nanocoatings can | ||||
now effectively reflect solar | ||||
radiation, while emiting desired | ||||
infrared wavelengths capable | Radiation Transmitted by the | |||
of travelling through | ||||
Atmosphere | ||||
"atmospheric transparent | ||||
windows" (8-13µm) | ||||
Radiations in this range will be | ||||
far less absorbed by our | ||||
atmospher, allowing exchange | ||||
with the space | ||||
Transparency window
Source [10] | Source [11] |
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Radiative cooling | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Environmental
Sustainability
Social | Economical |
Radiative cooling:
large market closed to maturity !
ADVANTAGES:
New nano-structured materials offers affordable and flexible solutions (coatings, films)
Products already available for building heat shielding (TRL9) Emerging products for cold water production (TRL4-5) Reduce use of high GWP coolants (CFC, HFC)
Fight Global Warming using chemical-free, low temperature, passive phenomenon
Save water and energy using infinite cold reservoir
Contribute to global cooling through "Reversed" green-house effect
CHALLENGES:
Sensitive to climatic conditions
Low energy density
Dazzling reflections in urban area
World energy demand (exajoules)
Source [12]
Roof example
18
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
Artificial
Intelligence: the concept of duelling neural
networks
Artificial Intelligence | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Duelling neural networks or
Generative adversarial networks (GANs)
'Normal' Neural network:
input data →predicts the output
Forward propagation
(generation and classification)Input random
Duelling neural networks or Generative adversarial networks (GANs):
The generator takes simple random variables as inputs and generate new data. The discriminator takes "true" and "generated" data and try to discriminate them, building a classifier. The goal of the generator is to fool the discriminator (increase the classification error by mixing up as much as possible generated data with true data) and the goal of the discriminator is to distinguish between true and generated data.
The generative network is | Thegenerated distribution | The discriminative network | The classification error is the |
Backward propagation (adversarial training)
variables
trained to maximisethe | and thetrue distribution are | is trained to minimisethe | basis metric for the training of |
final classification error | not compared directly | final classification error | the both networks |
Source [13]
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Artificial Intelligence | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Environmental | Applications of GANs vary widely: | |
Sustainability | from medicine to graphical and text applications | |
Social | Economical |
Example in medicine
An original application of GANs was proposed by Insilico Medicine. They use it for an artificially intelligent drug discovery.
To train the Generator to sample drug candidates for a given disease as precisely as possible to existing drugs from a Drug Database.
Then generate a drug for a previously incurable disease using the Generator, and using the Discriminator to determine whether the sampled drug actually cures the given disease.
Example in text to image
Text to image is one of the earlier application of domain-transfer GAN. We input a sentence and generate multiple images fitting the description. "The bird has a yellow belly and tarsus, grey back, wings, and brown throat, nape with a black face".
Creating Molecules from scratch: Drug Discovery with Generative Adversarial Networks
Source [14]
What is in for Energy?
Not sure for the moment
21
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
Quantum
computing
Quantum computing
Differences between classical & quantum computing
Classical computing is using bits (binary digits)
Bits have well-defined values: either 0 or 1
Taking N times more bits allows to handle N times more information
Calculations are done in essentially the same manner as by hand
(plus, minus, if…then…else)
Quantum computing is using qubits (quantum bits)
Qubits are associated to the quantum state of a physical component (e.g. spin of an electron, polarization of an ion)
This quantum state is more similar to a probability distribution than a well-defined property (i.e. a single value)
Taking N times more qubits allows to handle 2Ntimes more information
Calculations are done using laws of quantum mechanics. Open door to more efficient algorithms
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
Classical bits vs Quantum bits
"I think I can safely say that nobody understands Quantum Mechanics"
Richard Feynman, 1967
23
Quantum computing | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Advantages & challenges of quantum computing
ADVANTAGES:
Possibility to compute on the 2Ninformation set simultaneously ≈ computing 2Nfaster
Open the door to actually intractable problems
- Solving complex minimization problems: that could be applied to simulate protein folding
CHALLENGES:
Classical algorithms cannot be used as-is in a quantum computer. It needs specific algorithms. There won't necessary exist quantum algorithm for all problems
- not all problems will be solvable 2Nfaster
Quantum computers are much harder to build (transferring & storing qubits is already a challenge)
Progress in quantum computing is real, but still far from industrial applications
24
Quantum computing | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Environmental
Sustainability
Social | Economical |
Quantum Computing applications:
not suited for word and mail…
QC will make it possible to simulate the behavior of matter down to the atomic level →discovery of new chemicals, materials, drugs,…
-
Eg. for batteries: improvements in battery density have been running at just 5 to 8 percent annually- painfully slow compared to the familiar exponential
Moore's Law pace… Could QC could speed that up? - Artificial photosynthesis
Cryptography and security by cracking otherwise invincible codes
Complex logistic scheduling Financial portfolio management
…
"Nature is quantum, goddam it! So if we want to simulate it, we need a quantum
computer."
MIT Technology review, 2018
Molecular modelling
What is in for Energy? Not sure yet.
QC computer works under cryogenic conditions so QC computer will be developed in computing center, not at home. However, how to manage the energy of these centers ?
25
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
CO2cycle
CO2cycle | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
CO2cycle replaces the classical water-steam cycle
Normal Gas fired Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
CH4+ AIR (80 % N2and 20 % O2) →CO2+ 2 H2O + N2
O2 CO2*
N2H2O
* N2≈ 75 %, O2≈ 15 %, CO2≈ 4%, H2O ≈6 %
Air CH4
CO2cycle with natural gas
CH4+ 2O2→CO2+ 2 H2O
CH4
CO2Turbine | |||||||||||
O2 | |||||||||||
ASU | |||||||||||
N2 | |||||||||||
CO2+H2O | |||||||||||
Water | |||||||||||
CO2 | |||||||||||
Air | separation | ||||||||||
& heat | |||||||||||
exchangers | |||||||||||
CO2 | |||||||||||
With NG, efficiency rate expected is 59%,similar to CCGT plus exhaust flue gas with 90% CO2concentration.
27
CO2cycle | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Main advantage 'Free' CO2capture:
ready for use as resource rather than a waste!
ADVANTAGES:
Lower CAPEX; less material Much faster ramping up and down 'Free' CO2capture →ready for use
CHALLENGES:
Competitivenes
New industrial systems to implement
TRL: Technology readiness level
© ENGIE Lab
28
CO2cycle | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Environmental
Sustainability
Social | Economical |
NETPOWER 50 MW demonstrationon-goingin Houston:full scale 300 MW planned as early as
2021
- Net Power 50 MWth demonstration plant commissioned in May 2018
- Full Scale 300 MW planned as early as 2021
29
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
Biotechnology
and Energy
Biotechnology and Energy
Biotechnology is not Bio-energy
DEFINITIONS:
Biotechnologyis the use of living systems and organismsto develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2)
Bioenergy(heat and cold, electricity) and Biofuels(liquid and gaseous) are renewable energies made available from materials derived from biological sources
So biomass combustion for electricity or biomass gasification to produce 2G Biogas is not biotechnology but bioenergy! However, anaerobic digestion (1G Biogas) or any fermentation process using living organisms (eg. yeast, bacteria, …) is biotechnology.
Not always straightforward:drying Algae for combustion to produce heat or electricity classifies as bio-energy whilst using Algae (or Cyano-bacteria) for the production of products (eg. oil, ethanol, sugars, proteins, …) would classify as biotechnology
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
© Adobe Stock
© Arnaud Février
31
Biotechnology and Energy | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Environmental
Sustainability
Social | Economical |
Emerging biotechnology for hydrocarbon fuel production in the absence of light and oxygen
In the absence of light and oxygen, some bacteria can convert CO2and/or CO and hydrogen into biofuels and bioplastics precursors
CO2/CO Fermentation (in bacteria cell)
Some bacteria get their energy and carbon sources for growth from CO2/CO (more than 100 species). In the absence of oxygen and light (eg in closed fermenter), they produce Acetate, Ethanol, Butanol or Hydrogen. They tolerate temperatures about 30 - 80°C. When combined with electrodes, some also produce electricity (Microbial Fuel Cells).
* Electricity is required for operating the fermenter.
Some systems can also use direct power in the fermenter to produce hydrogen (no electrolysis required upfront).
© ENGIE Lab
32
Biotechnology and Energy | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Environmental
Sustainability
Social | Economical |
Emerging biotechnology for hydrocarbon fuel production
in the absence of light and oxygen
CO, CO2and Hydrogen fermentation to fuel and chemicals
CO2+ H2 to PHB | CO2to Methane | ArcelorMittal and Lanzatech break ground on €150million |
(Polyhydroxybutyrate = | project to revolutionise blast furnace carbon emissions | |
precursors for plastics) | capture (June 2018) | |
Demo:Steelgas to Ethanol (378 m3/yr) | ||
Lab:CO2+ H2to acetate (→algae lipids) |
CO2to Methane | Biomass syngas to Ethanol |
(forecast): 3028 m3/yr |
33
Biotechnology and Energy | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Environmental
Sustainability
Social | Economical |
Emerging biotechnology for hydrogen production
in the presence of light and oxygen
Rhodobacter capsulatus is a bacteria which produces H2from organic assets eg. lactate/acetate in a light-dependent
process
Main pathways of hydrogen production by photofermentation
of organic acids by using photosynthetic bacteria
lactate/acetate
Source [15]
34
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
3D metal printing
3D metal printing | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Environmental | Additive Manufacturing Technologies |
Sustainability | |
SocialEconomical |
Additive Manufacturing Technologies are considerably modifying the way to design parts, develop industrial applications and organize production and maintenance activities
Tailor-made materials
Compositional gradient
Microstructural gradient
Porosity gradient
Multi-materials
Metal matrix composites
Inventory rationalization
Part consolidation
On-demand manufacturing
Digital warehouse
Decentralized production
From large centralized factories to small production lines and SMEs Reduced assembly lines
New concepts & applications combing design freedom and tailor-made materials
Innovative designs
Weight reduction Lattice structures Flow optimization
Heat transfer optimization Assembly into one single part
Agile manufacturing
Fast design iteration
Shorter development cycle
Freedom of design
Part customization
Supply chain sustainability
Buy-to-fly ratio reduction; i.e. reduction of the ratio between the raw material used for a component and the weight of the component itself
© ENGIE Lab
36
3D metal printing | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Additive Manufacturing Technologies:
Tailor-made material configurations for tailor-made functionalities
Heat exchanger concept in | Metal-ceramic FGMs can withstand high heat | Aerosint's concept technology for selective |
nickel-based material and | gradients without cracking or plastic | deposition of powder on 3D printing machine build |
stainless steel (NLR) | deformation | platform, showing co-pattern of titanium (grey |
Source [16] | Source [17] | powder) and polymer PA12 (white powder) |
Source [18] |
37
3D metal printing | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Additive Manufacturing Technologies:
Tailor-made structures & designs for tailor-made functionalities
Production of 3D structured catalyst | HIETA compact heat | Michelin's Vision concept tire contains |
through micro-extrusion of a ceramic/metallic | exchangers and recuperators | material composition, porosity, and |
paste to built a porous material (VITO) | Source [20] | colour gradients |
Source [19] | Source [21] |
Printing + Functionalisation (coating or impregnation)
Optimizing of pore structure/sizes impacting | Lattice cells | Lightweight metallic structures |
Source [23] | ||
mass transfer, heat transfer and pressure drop | Source [24] | |
Source [22] |
38
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
Green Mobility:
what is new?
Green Mobility | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Hyperloop:crazy (?) idea from Elon Musk
In 2013, Elon Musk published white paper on Hyperloop: moving by levitating vehicles at high speeds through low- pressure tubes reaching a speed up to 1.200 km/h.
This first design of concept was released as open source and should lead to safer, faster, lower cost, more convenient, immune to weather, sustainably self- powering, resistant to earthquakes and not disruptive for its environment (CO2free, no noise).
© DR
40
Green Mobility | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Hyperloop: from 'crazy' idea to reality?
After the publication of the white paper, it doesn't take long for new companies to start developing this.
The first one Hyperloop One, later supported by Virgin and Richard Brandson.
An important alternative is Hyperloop Transportation Technologies, a start-up regrouping more than 800 experts from all over the world.
Others: Transpod, Hardt Hyperloop, …
Develpment | Technology | Location | |
Based on a low pressure tube | |||
Virgin Hyperloop | |||
One | • Complete test track | • Active magnetic levitation | North America, United |
• Starting new operational | • Linear induction motors | Arab Emirates, India | |
track in India | |||
Hyperloop Transport | |||
Technologies | • Test track in progress at | • Passive magnetic levitation | United States, United Arab |
Toulouse | • Linear induction motors | Emirates, India, Europe; | |
• Will start soon a new | • Smart material: Vibranium | South Korea, Brazil | |
operational track in United | |||
Arab Emirates | |||
Transpod | |||
• Plans to build a test track in | • Active magnetic levitation | Canada, France | |
France around 2020 | • Linear induction motors | ||
• Axial air compressor | |||
Hardt Hyperloop | |||
• Plans to build a 5km test | • Magnetic levitation system by | The Netherlands | |
track in Holland in the near | the top made of permanent | ||
future | magnet and electromagnet | ||
• Linear induction motors | |||
41
Green Mobility | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Environmental
Sustainability
Social | Economical |
Real challenge for aviation is the 'queste' for 'sustainable' fuel… Hydrogen?
AIRBUS looking at hydrogen;not to power the jet engines, but to replace the Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)
Energy Density remains crucial for aviation; it is not likely to get (fully) out of hydrocarbon fuels any time soon.
- Factor 4 larger tanks needed in case of LH2and the potential weight gain of hydrogen versus hydrocarbons remains uncertain due to high weight of the containment…
LH2
2ndEnergy for Secondary Power
How to transport 10kWh of energy?
≈ 13.3 L of H2
(20°C, 350 bar), gas
- 7.7 L of H2(20°C, 700 bar), gas
- 4.2 L of H2
(-250°C, 1 bar), liquid
≈ 3.1 L of NH3
(-30°C, 1 bar), liquid
≈ 1.7 L of CH4
(-160°C, 1 bar), liquid
Kerosene on any other
Hydrocarbon Fuel | ≈ 1.1 L of gasoline |
1stEnergy Source for
Primary Power
© ENGIE Lab
42
Green Mobility | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Environmental
Sustainability
Social | Economical |
Real challenge for aviation is the 'queste' for 'sustainable' fuel… Renewable hydrocarbon
fuels?
Environmental and social impact better than most bio-fuels…
Too expensive todaybut highly dependant on electricity price for electrolysis…
Power-to-liquids production (generic scheme) | Jet fuel costs proected for future PtL plants in 2050 |
(jet fuel reference price: 42-95 US$/bbl; renewable electricity costs: 40€/MWh; equivalent full-load period: 3750heq/yr) | |
Source [25] | Source [26] |
43
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
Self-healing
materials
Self-healing materials | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Self-healing materials (SHM)
Material having the ability to automatically heal (recover/repair) damageswithout any external (human) intervention
'Healing' extends the lifetimeof materials
Two types of self-healing abilities:
Autonomic | Non-autonomic |
No trigger needed | Needs external trigger |
(e.g. heat, UV, voltage…) | |
Direct healing: release of self- | Discontinuous (retarded) |
healing agent when damage | healing |
occurs | |
Use of micro/nano-scale | Use of intrinsic self- |
carrier containing self-healing | healing matrix or 'self- |
agent | healing' carrier |
a. Capsule-based | b. vascular | c. intrinsic |
Source [27]
Key concepts (non-exhaustive):
- Retention or recovery of mechanical strength through(micro-) crack healing
- Elimination of superficial scratches by induced polymer flow (e.g. automotive)
- Restoration of material properties (gloss, conductivity, acoustics…)
Materials of interest: polymers, composites, paints, coatings, alloys, ceramics and concrete
45
Self-healing materials | Emerging Sustainable Technologies |
Self-healing | |||
Release of healing agents | |||
strategies | |||
microcapsules, hollow fibers, or microvascular | |||
• Liquid active agents (even bacteria) stored in | |||
networks that are embedded into systems during | |||
manufacturing stage. | |||
• Release of active agent and local | |||
polymerisation/precipitation/ into cracks to ensure | |||
Established | |||
crack closure | |||
Technologies | TRL 4-8 | ||
Self-healing | Reversible cross-link |
Strategies | |
• Cross-link, i.e. bond that links one polymer chain | |
to another, is generally irreversible and aims at | |
Emerging | achieving superior mechanical properties |
• Reversible cross-link strategy requires external | |
Technologies | |
trigger such as thermal, photo, chemical or |
electrical activation and involves complex chemical reactions.
TRL 1-4
Before healing | After healing | |
mortar
Source [28] | Microcapsule |
Bond recovery
Scratch healing
Source [29] | Source [30] |
Electro- | Conductivity | Shape | Nanoparticle | Co-deposition | ||||
hydrodynamics | Memory Effect | Migration | ||||||
Maturity level is strongly dependent on applied concept; few commercial activities (e.g. Autonomic Materials)
46
Self-healing materials
Self-healing applications & potential
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
Source [31]
Adhesives
Coatings and
paint
Structural
(reinforced)
plastic
components
Concrete
foundations & Structures
Underground and sub-sea cables
Micro-
electronics
- Waterways
- Offshore (wind)
- Harbour infrastructure
Ex: self-healingfluid-filled power cables (Northern Powergrid)
Source [32]
© ENGIE / NEUS / BRUNET ARNAUD - © Freepik - © DR
47
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
Conclusions
Conclusions
Emerging technologies and Energy: today and in
future
- Electrochemical storage: what is new in batteries?
- Radiative cooling
- Artificial Intelligence: the concept of duelling neural networks (GANs)
- Quantum computing
- CO2cycle
- Biotech
- 3D metal printing
- Green mobility
- Self-healingmaterial
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
Energy today
1
7 5
Energy in | 2 | Emerging | |
future | 6technologies | ||
9 | 8 | ||
3 | 4 |
49
Research
Discussion / Questions
Feel free to contact us @
jan.mertens@engie.com / elodie.lecadre@engie.com
Emerging Sustainable Technologies
- Steffen W.et al.2015. Planetary Boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science Vol. 347 no. 6223
- Achzet B.,et al.,ON Communication, 2011. Materials critical to the energy industry. An introduction.
- Jain R.,et al.,Elsevier, 2016. Environmental impact of mining and mineral processing
- CNN International, 2018.Cobalt mining in Congo
<http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2018/05/africa/congo-cobalt-dirty-energy-intl/>
- INRS, 2018. Charges des batteries d'accumulateurs au plomb. Prévention du risque d'explosion. ED6120 <http://www.inrs.fr/dms/inrs/CataloguePapier/ED/TI-ED-6120/ed6120.pdf>
- Argonne National Laboratory, 2012. Blog
<https://blogs.anl.gov/greenlab/2012/10/09/how-to-design-a-lithium-ion-battery-with-lower-material-costs/>
[7] Bradbury K., 2010. Energy Storage Technology review
<https://www.kylebradbury.org/docs/papers/Energy-Storage-Technology-Review-Kyle-Bradbury-2010.pdf>
- ENGIE-IMECcollaboration
- Morris C., 2014. Toyota researchers developall-solid-stateLi-ion batteries. Charged Electric Vehicles Magazine https://chargedevs.com/newswire/toyota-researchers-develop-all-solid-state-li-ion-batteries/
- Bermelet al., 2015. Control of radiative processes for energy conversion and harvesting. Optics Express 23(24):A1533-A1540
- Robert A. Rohde for the Global Warming Art project, 2007
<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atmospheric_Transmissio n.png>
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
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