Ronald D. Brown

59 year

Consumer Services

Finance

Active connections

Name	Gender	Age	Linked companies	Collaboration
Larry Livingston	M	81	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	38 years

Connections Chart

Multi-company connection

Former connections

Name	Gender	Age	Linked companies	Collaboration
Willy Johan Chandra	M	62	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Howard Lee	M	62	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	3 years
Robert Lawrence Skinner	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	8 years
Jin-Sung Gook	M	61	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	1 years
Robert J. Stemler	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	7 years
Gregory Boss	M	62	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	8 years
Rob Barnard	M	56	Indiana University	7 years
Edward C. Hagerott	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	7 years
Nicholas M. Halikis	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	8 years
Ming Hsieh	M	68	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	5 years
Jim Carmack	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	6 years
John T. Ferguson	M	-	Indiana University	3 years
Jeffrey David McGhie	M	54	Indiana University	5 years
Steven DenBaars	M	62	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Iwan Putra Brasali	M	59	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	5 years
Warren Chang	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	6 years
Drew Wayne Taylor	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	12 years
Rudi Suryajaya Komajaya	M	57	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	5 years
Andrew K. Labbaika	M	60	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	6 years
Shireen Ann Zaharah binti Muhiudeen	F	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	6 years
Mark William Broughton	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Djoko Sarwono	M	74	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	5 years
Soe To Tie Lin	M	62	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	3 years
Jonathan Nathaniel Moyo	M	67	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	6 years
M. O’Brien	M	50	Indiana University	5 years
Kamlesh Rath	M	-	Indiana University	6 years
Kevin T. Hamilton	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	6 years
Ronald G. Wangerin	M	57	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	5 years
Jerry Scott Johnson	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	3 years
Tsu-Yin Chou	M	67	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	1 years
Corii D. Berg	M	54	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Joseph Allison	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Tong Poh Tay	M	63	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Adhi Utomo Jusman	M	52	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Sandra Hendharto	F	54	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Hidetoshi Torami	M	57	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Andrew X. Wang	M	69	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Helga Houston	F	62	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	2 years
David Dohrmann	M	57	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Marcelo Schmidt	M	62	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	2 years
Khalid Laram	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Li An Tan	M	59	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	2 years
Maryam Hamzeh	F	63	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	2 years
Kim Wa Sung	M	57	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Poi Lam Yuen	M	56	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Sean Sobers	M	53	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Yogiawan	M	61	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Richard Thomas Casey	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Karl E. Block	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	3 years
Shu Kuen Yu	M	55	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Kerry Driscoll	M	55	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
David A. Hall	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	3 years
Feta H. Zabeli	M	64	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	1 years
Khaled Biyari	M	61	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	3 years
Gregory Hickey	M	73	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	21 years
Junita Ciputra	F	63	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	1 years
Tod Michael Turley	M	61	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	3 years
Frank A. Barbera	M	61	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Stephen Cord	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
John F. Slipke	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	2 years
Hampton Collier Adams	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
William E. Quigley	M	59	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Randy C. Crawford	M	61	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	2 years
Victor Canto	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	8 years
Russell R. Silvestri	M	62	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Michael Winn	M	62	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Donald Bishop	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	5 years
Jonathan Michael Brooks	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Sandra Lynn Incontro	F	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Mike G. Mayfield	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
John McManus	M	60	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Manu Prafull Daftary	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	-
David Neil King	M	56	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Michael R. Rodriguez	M	56	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Patrick J. Panzarella	M	56	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Brent Bickett	M	59	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Michael A. Provenzano	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Linda Davila Aguirre	F	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Jon Jashni	M	60	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Donald Craig Christensen	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Craig Gunther	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	3 years
Suzanne Howard	F	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	3 years
Marc Berg	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Tim Brooks	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	2 years
Michael Lee	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Kalani Jones	M	62	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	1 years
Cynthia D. Adams	M	-	Indiana University	1 years
Erlend Olson	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Zoltan Berty	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Thomas E. Carter	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	3 years
Shaker Fakhouri	M	54	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Nicholas V. Colonna	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Ron Lubash	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Alvin Chiu	M	63	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Harold A. Brown	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	15 years
Deanna Brown	F	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Shahin Sharifzadeh	M	59	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	4 years
Bruce A. Berwager	M	68	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	1 years
Yigal Arens	M	-	University of Southern California University of Southern California Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services University of Southern California is a private research university that mainly offers undergraduate, graduate & other higher education. The university was founded in 1880 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.	-

Statistics

Country	Connections	% of total
United States	100	100.00%

Age of Connections

Active

Past

Male

Female

Members of the board

Executives

Origin of connections